Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Management - Essay Example Another fact to be incognizant of are budget discrepancies. Budget discrepancies are one of the most difficult challenges to deal with when closing down a project because PMs must ensure that they close their projects without any discrepancies. Jay (2011) Understanding the segmentation of financials is hectic because it requires signatures, higher authority decisions and collaboration. In midst of the project, most managers forget that budget discrepancies in the beginning can accumulate to be problematic at the end. This not only creates chaos in the project, but diminishes quality, resources and time. Managing change request is another huge issue that project managers have to be well-aware off. This is problematic because change requests are part of any project management. In order to manage change requests, project managers must collaborate with stake holders in order to remove any unclear understanding that dictates the goals and the objectives of the project. Jay (2011) Controlling change requests for creating virtual servers or a software for instance would have to support the elements that the business case possesses can be cumbersome to manage when closing a

Catawba Industrial Company Essay Example for Free

Catawba Industrial Company Essay 1.Is the company correct in its practice of not manufacturing standard model compressors on Sundays because of the accounting loss incurred on each unit? 2.The compressor department and its manager are evaluated based on profit. Compute the compressor department profit with and without Sunday production. 3.If Marge McPhee decides to manufacture ten light-weight compressors each week and to sell them at a price of $8,000, how much better or worse off financially would Catawba be? 4.What weekly production plan for standard and light weight compressors would result in the highest financial return for Catawba? That is, how many of each product should Catawba produce each week? Assume that you have been hired by Marge McPhee to help with the three decisions she must make: (1) whether to produce on Sunday, (2) whether to produce any light-weight compressors, (3) how many of each compressor should be manufactured each week. You will recommend and justify a course of action for each decision. McPhee wants to make the right decision for herself and her division, which is treated as a profit center and evaluated based on profit as computed in Exhibit 2. However, the correct decision model and her best interests (in terms of short term performance measurement) may not agree. As an accountant, you must inform her of this inconsistency and explain it so that she can, in turn, explain it to owners or top management. Be sure to discuss all the assignment questions within your written analysis. You will need to determine the optimal volume and price to choose the correct production schedule. Memo Instructions 1.The memo is an individual project, so you are expected to work on it yourself without seeking any one’s help other than the instructor. You should bring TWO complete copies of the memo and any exhibits to class. All assignments must be handed in by the beginning of the class. Bring a copy of the memo and/or detailed notes to class with you so you will be able to discuss the case intelligently in class. 2.Download and read the memo about writing memos provided by the communications specialists. You can download it from the course’s web page in the announcements section. 3.The memo should: a.Be written in proper memo format to Marge McPhee. Several templates are provided in MS Word. This assignment has a three-page maximum page limit, not including exhibits. b.Indicate the author’s name and show his/her handwritten initials. c.Begin with a short introductory paragraph stating the purpose of the memo, and end with a brief concluding paragraph. d.Your memo should contain at least the following sections: Sunday manufacturing, Minimum light-weight production, Optimal light-weight and standard production, and Performance evaluation issues. e.If you wish to use brief references to the work of others (including the text and readings assigned for this course, as well as any other sources you may choose), you must acknowledge the source using appropriate footnotes.

Communication Skills To Deal With Aggressive Patients Nursing Essay

Communication Skills To Deal With Aggressive Patients Nursing Essay This essay will illustrate a personal experience, which demonstrates how practitioners use good communication skills to deal with anger and aggression in patients who are in pain and also recognize and respect choice and religious needs of clients. I was student radiography of about 11 weeks on my first clinical placement. I was working on x ray department which I dealt with and angry and religious patients. . I aim to explore my feelings about the events that transpired, and describe what I would do differently if anything similar situation happens in the future using Graham (1998) framework for reflection. The first centre of discussion shall be in reference to a patient who I will identify as Mr X , to maintain confidentiality Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008) who came for x ray examination for his leg which was in plaster. As a student I attended Mr X with his consent and under the supervision of the mentor. Mr X stormed out of the room in anger after learning that I did not do the procedure right and another x ray was required. That would mean going over the process again yet the patient couldnt bear the pain. The second centre of discussion shall be referred to a nineteen year old Muslim female who was referred from the outpatient department to the x ray department for a head scan due to persistent severe headache. I was doing receptionist duties and I booked her in. She was wearing a religious dress code that covered from head to toe apart from the eyes. As it was against her religion, she refused to take off the cloth covering her head for the scan to be conducted. Before her examination she came back to the reception office to ask if she could get a private room for a prayer.   I gave her directions to a prayer room. Having been into placement for only first time I did not have knowledge to dealt or experience to dealt with angry and aggressive patients who are in pain. I remember that I lost my confidence and I was very upset about myself for failing to handle the situation in a professional manner. As a student radiographers, I should recognise anger and aggression and find out the root cause of it. I am now aware that the best way of dealing with someones anger is to assess and recognise how they are feeling in order to help and diffuse the situation, Walker et al (2004). In light of the above case, I should have apologised for the mistake and use effective communication skills in explanation the the procedure needed for a repeat of the X ray was necessary. The best way to react to clients anger is by listening and acknowledging it. Acknowledgment of anger is very important because the client will definitely calms down. There are proven ways to diffuse tense situations and control anger before it rises to the level of conflict. Empathetic listening is necessary in this case, listen to the patient and truly understand his or her feelings and their needs. It is a way of disagreeing, without being disagreeable. Listen empathetically to the patients distress and apologise without getting defensive. Honest expression means explaining to the patient that you acknowledge his or her frustration in being told to go over the x ray examination process again, but the patient should understand that you a future radiographer and students make mistakes. Students should bear in mind that, any hurtful things said by the client are as a result of his extreme suffering and they need time to work through their anger. Recent study suggests that, older people may use anger as a strategy for maintaining some sense of power over their own lives because as long as they remain angry or resistant, people will notice them. Walker et al (2004), as people get older, they are exposed to a wider variety of situations and are therefore less likely to find new situation stressful, though some older people may be resistant to change. The patient was in severe pain, so i would think he used anger and aggression as a pain coping strategy. Cowan (2000), anger is therapeutic in relieving stress. Hyland and Donaldson (year please) say, health care professional can reduce patient anger by providing the information the patients wants about his condition. So communication plays a very important part in diffusing tense situations. This experience taught me that, anger and aggression could be used as cover for deeper problems. Anger could be a cover up for fear, being used as a shield to keep other people at a distance so they are unable to see ones insecurities and weaknesses, Booth (2003). In real life, older adults are known to express anger outwardly less often and report more inner control of anger using calming strategies as compared to their younger counterparts unless and otherwise. So, looking at the whole incident, the patient was upset to the core by the idea of going over the process again yet the pain was unbearable. I felt that the mr X was trying to express the stress he was going through due to pain. As a student radiography I should try to use my communication skills effectively to take control of the situation by calming Mr X down and be able to understand what he feels by listening to him and asking him questions. Communication is a two way flow of information that nourished client and profes sional relationship that establishes the base of information upon which health planning decision are made and programme developed Spradley and Allender (1996). . Health care professionals need to develop their communication skills of assessing patient. They should be able to form an impression of patients personality and assess the way patient reacts to particular types of situation, Alder et al (2004). To be more effective, as a student radiographers should attempt to understand the extent and expression of the anger, the specific problems resulting from the anger, the function the anger serves and the underlying source of the anger. As a muslim, I am already aware that religious Muslim females from conservative communities will not accept to be examined by a male health care professionals. When miss X arrived for a head scan, I should I have explained to her that there are not a female radiographer in duty to scan her. Unfortunately I did not know she will refuse to be seen by a male radiographer as she was in severe pain. However, I was called to talk to her. I managed to explain to miss X that uncovering her head for medical treatment for a few minutes was not a violation of Muslim religious rules and it was really important for the scan to be done, but she was not convinced. Miss X was a strict practicing young Muslim lady; I never thought she would put religion first before her own health. I told Miss X that I will be her during the examination but she strongly declined. Few minutes after this incident a female radiographer came to collect her payslip and I asked her if she could scan miss X as she refused h er colleague to examine her due to her religion belief. Religion is a very sensitive issue in health care. It plays a very important role in the lives of many religious clients. Putting religious needs first before health needs is unbelievable. This is how important religion is to other people. Many religions carry dress codes or guidelines on appearance and presentation. Overall, dress codes can be a powerful statement of self identity and be a marker of social identity that others will recognise, Giddens (2001). Muslim women are required to cover their bodies as a sign of modesty. Interpretation of the Haddiths differ, so you may see other Muslim women wearing just a head covering whereas others may only show their eyes and they are not allowed to take off their head covering in public or in the presence of men. Henley and Schott (1999) state that some religions provide detailed rules, which may cover aspects of daily life such as prayer, and wearing of religious symbols. Therefore, members of the public and staff should acknowledge diversity and respect the differences within and between groups of people. Health care professionals should understand that each individual is unique and recognise our individual differences, Townsend, cited in Mackay et al (1998). These could be along the dimensions of race, culture, age and religious beliefs. It would be fair to say that, many of the problems faced in the work place around the issue of religion stem from a lack of knowledge and information about other faiths do and believe. However, in health service, patients religion is often noted and disregarded; an important opportunity to find out more about the individual religious and spiritual needs is lost, Henley and Schott (1999). In todays multi cultural Britain, it is important for health care professionals to be aware of and appreciate the difference between Muslims and other religious groups and must demonstrate a non judgmental attitude towards clients. More training is required for members of staff to deliver a service of the highest standard that would not discriminate service users. In an attempt to appreciate diversity, most hospitals have reserved a room for prayers. Most religious patients would do a prayer before being seen for their appointments as they believe that a prayer could aid in recovery, not due to divine influence but due to psychological and physical benefits. Many studies have suggested that a prayer can reduce physical stress, regardless of the God or Gods a person prays to. Of course, other patients pray to seek guidance as the day progresses, and some say it promotes a more positive outlook and strengthen the will to live. In light of this, health care professionals need to demonstrate a willingness to learn about the patients religious beliefs and needs. They should have a deep understanding and a wider knowledge about a range of problems which arise from religious issues. In the provision of holistic care, both male and female radiographers should be always available on duty to meet the religious needs of Muslim clients and other religious groups. Failure to meet the religious needs of patients would be seen as discrimination on the grounds of religion. So, members of staff require appropriate training and a range of skills to successfully work with ethnic minority clients to promote social inclusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I believed that a   good communication and open dialogue is the key to diffusing anger and providing culturally sensitive care. I am now prepared for patients who get angry and aggressive. I had always thought before that it would not happen to me and that the person who was verbally attack was to blame in some way. . In the future where patients have an aggressive history, I will be more on my guard. I do feel that I am more aware of the potential of anger and aggression and I have learned to approach situations in a different way from this experience. I have also prompted to read more about anger and aggression in the NHS and learn strategies to dealt with I will take the time to reassure and talk to the patient and ensure that I get their cooperative. Next time when I will be at reception duty, I will try to ask patients if they prefer to be seen by male or female radiographers. A female radiographer should be at least on call rota on duty. If possible, healthcare should be given by people of the same sex as the patient. For female patients, there is an overriding objec tive of modesty and privacy.

Organization :: Free Essay Writer

Organization Structure The United States Navy is an enormous organization spanning the entire globe. The chain of command covers everyone involved with the Navy from the President of United States all the way down to the eighteen-year old just checking into his first command. There are literally hundreds of different specialized jobs in the Navy all requiring different leadership styles and organization structures. Overall the entire United States Navy is based on a mechanistic organization with some variations throughout do to the wide variety of job fields. For instance my particular job field is one of the more technical fields in the Navy so we generally have some differences in organizational structure than that of the sailor painting the ship painted. I am currently working at the Fleet Area Control and Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC) located at Naval Air Station Jacksonville. FACSFAC as a whole is a mechanistic organization divided into two departments and several divisions providing basic functions ranging from things as complex as air traffic control to maintaining the cleanliness of the building. There is a Department Head over each department with several Division Officers reporting directly to them. The Department Head in turn reports directly to the commanding officer on all matters related to their individual departments. The air traffic control division is further divided into three sections of controllers that report directly to the Radar Branch Chief who reports to the Division Officer. Professionally the sections are managed in a boundary-less, team-based structure although militarily they are still run as a mechanistic organization. In some of the less technical divisions there is only a mechanistic organiz ation. Although the Navy does not have a formal organizational network, its’ use of informal organizational networks are critical to its’ success. Many times during a military career the member will make friendships with other members in the same job field. As time goes on and the members transfer from one facility to another they are able to call on one another for solutions to problems they may come across. With the rise of the Internet these networks are being used in situations that in the past would have been impossible. There are basically four major types of boundaries affecting businesses today, the authority boundary, task boundary, political boundary and the identity boundary.

How to Write a Business Proposal

A business proposal is perhaps one of the most critical documents you need to learn how to write. It is what spells the difference between success and failure, whether you’re a freelancer or you have a company of your own. In today’s cut-throat business world, entrepreneurs find themselves spending hours upon hours submitting business proposals to potential clients, and not get any results. On the other hand, there are those that are like snipers, able to get the contract after just submitting one business proposal. So how do they do it? Well, this article will teach you show you how to do just that.The Basics of a Business ProposalBefore you even go and start writing that business proposal, you must first understand what it is and learn the basics. A business proposal is a written document that offers a particular product or service to a potential buyer or client. There are generally two kinds of business proposals: solicited business proposals (which are submitted in response to an advertisement published by the buyer or client) and unsolicited proposals (submitted or given out to potential buyers or clients even though they are not requesting for one).Business Proposal vs. Business PlanQuite often, the terms â€Å"business proposal† and â€Å"business plan† are used interchangeably, giving you the impression that they are one and the same. But they are not. A business proposal is created to offer a product or service to a buyer or client. On the other hand, a business plan is a â€Å"formal statement of a set of business goals† and how these would be achieved. The latter is only part of what is included in a business proposal.3 Ps of a Winning Business ProposalThe secret behind writing a winning business proposal and one that will just be set aside is the presence of what I call the 3 Ps: problem statement, proposed solution, and pricing information.Problem StatementA successful business proposal must be one that is able to describe to the client what their needs are in a plain and simple manner. This is extremely  vital because how can you expect the client to believe that you can help them solve their problems if you don’t even know are these problems? Here’s an example of a well-written problem statement of a business proposal: With the presence of social media in today’s advancing world, Puffin Media Inc. hesitated to make the leap from traditional marketing to social media marketing. Their marketing tactics seem to be losing effectiveness and the company feels as if they are missing out on a large segment of their market. In addition, their competition has began acquiring the majority of the business in the market and have brought Puffin Media’s growing revenues to a halt.Proposed SolutionThe main objective of submitting a business proposal is to offer a solution to a problem faced by a prospective client. This part should be as detailed as possible, and able to addr ess each and every need you have discovered. Here’s an example:The solution that is recommended for Puffin Media Inc. is to deploy their company on all of the major social media channels; however, there is a major difference in creating social media platforms versus creating a brand you can promote on those platforms. A marketing campaign must be created utilizing these media channels and creating immediate engagement with your audience. In order for this to be successful, you know how to make sales. Initially, acquire some fans, followers, subscribers, and connections and invite them to join you in particular discussion or attend a specific event. The purpose of this is not only to promote Puffin Media Inc, but also to solicit feedback from the target audience.Pricing InformationFor many clients, the pricing information is what will make them decide whether they would offer you the contract or not. How to write this part greatly depends on the solution or solutions you inclu ded in the previous segment. If the solution proposed will only entail a short period of time, a Fee Summary will suffice. For longer projects, segment these payments to specific milestones in a Fee Schedule list.Things to Remember When Writing a Business ProposalNow that you know the essentials of a winning business proposal, it’s time to go ahead and start writing, right? Well, not exactly. The next part is to be able to find out what to put under the 3 Ps so that you can develop a business proposal that gets their attention and awards you that contract.Do Your ResearchNot all clients and buyers will give you the explicit details of their wants and needs, especially if you’re submitting an unsolicited business proposal. Extend your research to include the competitors of your potential client, and their customers as well. This will ensure that your business proposal will be as comprehensive and as detailed as possible. Put Yourself in their Shoes.Another thing to reme mber when writing a business proposal is to always put yourself in the shoes of your potential clients. Doing this will help you provide information on things that they would most likely ask, such as â€Å"Why should we pay you this much amount for the solutions you’re offering† and â€Å"How can these changes benefit me?† Why You?If you determined that a company or client has certain needs, chances are others would have done the same. That means that there will be others that have submitted their respective proposals to the company or client. That being said, it is important to make sure to highlight your talents, experience and other qualifications to convince the client why they should choose you or your company.Writing that Business ProposalWhen you got all of these, then you’re finally able to start writing your business proposal. One of the best ways on how to write a persuasive business proposal is to use a business proposal software. Business prop osal software programs helps you write your business proposal without having to worry about how they should be put together and the content that you need to include. These programs contain two kinds of proposal templates that you can use and re-use, depending on which one you need to write. In addition to the stored templates, you can create your own proposal templates through these programs based on previous proposals you’ve created, making it even more  convenient for you and your business.A Final Word†¦Although business proposals present the same information and have the same layout, it’s important to take time and make each one unique. Each project is different, even if it’s with the same company. Remember, a business proposal must show how you or your company can help a potential client.

Defects of Consent Essay

A defect of consent is a situation where a party’s declaration does not reflect his actual intent. This difference between declaration and intent may be caused by other parties,in order to make someone to form a contract with themselves. Fraud and Duress are this kind of defects. Roughly,fraud is deceiving someone by hiding certain facts or giving them a wrong impression/information in order to make them form a contract and duress is scaring or threatening someone to make them form a contract. If there is a difference between declaration and intent,which unintentionally resulted from the declarant,we can say there is an error. In some cases,both parties are mistaken about contract. Such defects are called â€Å"Collective Error†. In these situations,contract is formed by parties’ true intent,not according to their false statements. Error In the TCO article 30,the law states that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † Interpreting this article,we can deduce that essentiality is a key concept,since unessential errors will not affect validity of the contract. Some aspects of essential error are specified in TCO,but law does not limit cases of essential error with those articles. Unwritten states of essential error are determined by the rules of good faith. Error may occur in several ways: Error in declaration In the TCO article 31 the law sets forth: An error is deemed particularly essential in the following cases 1-Where a party intended to conclude a contract different from that to which he consented. A wants to sell 100 kilos of olive oil to B,but during the formation of the contract, A inadvertently states that he wants to buy 100 kilos of olive oil and B agrees the offer. -Where a party has concluded a contract relating to a subject matter other than the subject matter he intended. A wants to buy E branded good,but during the formation of the contract he states he wants to buy F branded good by mistake and is not aware of it. 3-Where a party declared his intent to conclude the contract other than the whom he intended to. A wants to send an offer via mail to B,but he writes a different adress and mail goes to C. C accepts the offer. 4-Where a party took a specific person into consideration as the other party in entering a contract but declared his intent to another. A is a nanny who wants to raise B’s child C,but during the formation of the contract she stated the name of B’s mentally deficient child D. A is mistaken about someone’s identity,not someone’s qualifications. Otherwise it would be error in motive,which shouldn’t be confused. 5- Where a party has promised to make a significantly greater performance or has accepted a promise of a significantly lesser consideration than he actually intended. Error in calculation of a simple nature do not affect the validity of the contract;but they should be corrected. A good should have 10. 000 dollars written on its label but accidently 1000 dollars is writtenon label. A buys the good for 1000 dollars. Error of Agents The law states in TCO article 33 that â€Å"Where an offer to enter into a contract has been incorrectly communicated by a Messenger,translator or other agents or by any means,the provisions governing error are applicable†. Error of agents are counted as error in declaration. Mistranslation,misinforming,changes in the text during telegraphing†¦ are examples of such errors. Error by Considering a Demeanour as Consent When a party’s action is considered as an offer or acceptance by another party,and the other party is right to consider this as such and forms the contract,contract will be valid. However mistaken party can put forward that he is mistaken and benefit from the provision of error in declaration. Texts signed without reading If a party signs a text without reading ,and is right to think that the text suits his intent,outcome is determined by the other party’s knowledge about this intent. If the other party knows or has to know that text does not suit signer’s intent,contract will not have been formed and thus there will not be any need for provisions of error. On the other hand,if the other party does not know or have to know the signer’s intent,contract will be formed,but signing party by proving that the error is essential,can benefit from provisions of error in declaration. Signature in Blank One of the parties agree to sign in blank first,then allow other party to constitute the contract. If this contract formed later on has contents which do not suit signing party’s actual intent,he can benefit from provisions of error. Error in Motive Error in motive is caused by an error in the formation of intent. On principle,error in motive is not essential. If there are conditions prescribed by the law,there is an essential error in motive. In TCO article 32,the law sets forth that â€Å"Error in motive is not deemed as essential unless the mistaken party deems the motive as necessary basis for the contract and it is valid regarding the business affairs in good faith. Yet this rule is not applicable unless the other party is aware of this motive† According to this article,error in motive is essential if the party deems this motive as necessary basis for the contact. This means the party is mistaken about a subject or qualifications of someone which affected his decision to form the contract. Error in material qualification,error in fact,error in legal status are examples of such mistakes. A wants to buy sculpor B’s statue but in fact the statue is a replica. In this situation there is error in material qualification. A thinks he is assigned to a job in another city,so he rents a house in that city. He made an error in fact. A purchases a land to build a house,but does not know construction is forbidden on this site. He is mistaken about land’s legal status. Also if other party is or has to be aware of the motive,error is deemed as essential. This should be determined in the present case. Avoidability In TCO art. 30 the law stipulates that â€Å"A party acting under an essential error when entering into a contract is not bound by it. † However this is limited by TCO art. 39. The contract will be valid if the mistaken party does not abolish the contract in a year,beginning from the moment he realises his error. Good Faith Rules in Error Right to avoid is also limited by the law. The law states in TCO art. 34 that â€Å"A person may not advance error in a manner in violation of good faith. In particular, the contract is considered to be concluded in a way that the party acting in error intended, in case the other party declares his consent to be bound by that contract. † Violation of good faith mentioned in the first subsection may be like this: A person learns that he made an essential error about a contract which he concluded years ago. He wants to use his right to avoid just to damage other party. In that case he will not be able to benefit from provisions of error since it is a violation of good faith. Second subsection of this provision is particularly important. I wish to give a case in this point,in order to better explain it: A wants to buy a kilo of fruit for 2 Liras,but he is mistaken and accepts B’s offer to buy a kilo for 3 Liras. Then A states his mistake to B,B immediately says he is ready to sell it for 2 Liras. In this situation A cannot put forward that he wants to nullify the contract,since he made an essential error. The contract is formed. Error by Negligence According to TCO art. 35 â€Å"A party acting in error is liable for any loss arising from the nullity of the agreement where the error is attributable to his own negligence. However, there is no compensation if the other party knew or should have known of the error. In the interests of equity, the Court may, not exceeding the benefit of standart performance, award further damages to the injured party. † The first subsection is about responsibility of parties’ actions before the formation of the contract (culpa in contrahendo). Even a slightest negligence in error results in culpa in contrahendo,and in such situations damages will be compensated. According to the second sentence of this subsection,there will not be any compensations if the other party knew or should have known of the error. But this provision is not applicable to error of declaration,since if the other party knew or should have known the error in declaration,contract is formed according to the declarant’s real intent. Yet if a party knows or has to know other party made an error in motive,mistaken party will not have to compensate any damages even if he abolishes the contract. Amount of the damage that will be compensated,is the damage that would not exist if the contract would not be formed. This kind of damage is â€Å"negative damage†. Benefit of the standart performance is named as â€Å"positive damage†. According to the second subsection,judge may decide further damages. This â€Å"further damage† is compensation of positive damage. Amount of positive damage that must be compensated may be some of the positive damage or all of the positive damage,determined by equity,but cannot exceed positive damage.

My love Essays - Elena Ferretti, I Wanna Go, Free Essays

My love Essays - Elena Ferretti, I Wanna Go, Free Essays My love, Nothing in this world has ever been more beautiful than getting to lay my eyes on you. Youre the reason I live and breathe. You complete me. You make me the happiest girl in the world. You make me want to buy the world, the moon and the stars, and give it all to you. You make me warm like the summer, mess up your hair, sing out of tune, baby I dont care. You make me want to fly over the world, hold your hand, dance in the rain, linger in your eyes, baby it's insane. You make my world go round, the film strip to my life, the music to my ears and the one Ill make my husband. You make me laugh, you make me smile, you make me me, and see how good life can be. You light up my life, brighter than the sun, fill me full of fun, enter lotteries Ive already won. You make me wanna buy you truck parts, write your name in the diesel smoke on your truck, love you every way I can. You make me wanna swim the sea for one more kiss, hold you for every second of bliss, miss you like Ive never missed. You make me cherish yesterday, love today and live for tomorrow. You pick me up when I fall down, change the direction of any frown, are a prince without a crown. You are my desire, you take me higher, consume me like a fire. You make me drunk off your love, high on your smile, dream of you walking down the isle. You make me wanna see it all said and done, look at us like the lucky ones, live all my life with you the only one. You make me wanna sing more than say, always follow through, listen to your words, the music of my day. You make me forget how to breathe, lose track of time, fall in love, youre more than a dime. You make me wanna love you so, never wanna see you go, teach you all the things I know, yell your name on the radio. You make me wanna fly, you make me wanna soar, you make me wanna hold you forever more. You make me wanna kiss your very core, forget it all, lock the door, stare into the eyes of everything I adore. You make my heart giggle, my butt tickle, and love you the opposite of a little. You make me wanna call you baby, forget about maybe, drive me crazy, youre the craziest man. You make me forget about never, live like forever, love so deep I change the weather. You make me live laughter, immune to disaster, touch my soul, my heart beats faster. I love you forever and ever... happily ever after. Love, Baby Girl 3

Nonpolar Molecule Definition and Examples

Nonpolar Molecule Definition and Examples AÂ  nonpolar molecule has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed. In other words, the electrical charges of nonpolar molecules are evenly distributed across the molecule. Nonpolar molecules tend to dissolve well in nonpolar solvents, which are frequently organic solvents. In a polar molecule, one side of the molecule has a positive electrical charge and the other side has a negative electrical charge. Polar molecules tend to dissolve well in water and other polar solvents. There are also amphiphilic molecules, large molecules that have both polar and nonpolar groups attached to them. Because these molecules have both polar and nonpolar character, they make good surfactants, aiding in mixing water with fats. Technically, the only completely nonpolar molecules consist of a single type of atom or of different types of atoms that display a certain spatial arrangement. Many molecules are intermediate, neither completely nonpolar nor polar. What Determines Polarity? You can predict whether a molecule will be polar or nonpolar by looking at the type of chemical bonds formed between the atoms of the elements. If there is a significant difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms, the electrons wont be shared equally between the atoms. In other words, the electrons will spend more time closer to one atom than the other. The atom that is more attractive to the electron will have an apparent negative charge, while the atom that is less electronegative (more electropositive) will have a net positive charge. Predicting polarity is simplified by considering the point group of the molecule. Basically, if the dipole moments of a molecule cancel each other out, the molecule is nonpolar. If the dipole moments dont cancel out, the molecule is polar. Not all molecules have a dipole moment. For example, a molecule that has a mirror plane wont have a dipole moment because the individual dipole moments cant lie in more than one dimension (a point). Nonpolar Molecule Examples Examples of homonuclear nonpolar molecules are oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and ozone (O3). Other nonpolar molecules include carbon dioxide (CO2) and the organic molecules methane (CH4), toluene, and gasoline. Most carbon compounds are nonpolar. A notable exception is carbon monoxide, CO. Carbon monoxide is a linear molecule, but the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen is significant enough to make the molecule polar. Alkynes are considered nonpolar molecules because they dont dissolve in water. The noble or inert gases are also considered nonpolar. These gases consist of single atoms of their element, such as argon, helium, krypton, and neon.

A Postmodern Paradox

A Postmodern Paradox Postmodernism, a paradox in itself, challenges conformity in countless ways. Taking place after World War II, this movement is mainly characterized by its rejection of social constructs and its challenges to traditional forms of philosophy, literature, art, and religious authority. Ironically, while it defied categorizing, it became a category itself. Nevertheless, this movement has had a profound impact on countless literary, cinematographic, art, and philosophic works. Two works that have been profoundly influenced by postmodernism includes Slaughterhouse 5 by Kurt Opponent, and the elm and book The Hours, by Michael Cunningham. While both works have been influenced by modernism in separate ways, they ultimately share its key themes: an abstraction of time, a rejection of reality, and a search for higher purpose. Through the use of postmodernism themes and literary techniques, both the movie and book were able to convey that absolute truth does not exist because it is relative, intricate, and blurred. Occurring in the post-World War II era, postmodernism can be considered an intentional departure from previously dominant modernist approaches such as scientific positivism, realism, constructivism, formalism, and tapestries. Through its emphasis and use of power relations, binary classifications, fragmentation, paradox, dark humor, rejection of reality, sociology, linguistics, and subjectivism it constantly attacks contemporary life, art, literature, philosophy, religion, and ethics. In addition, it is characterized by a rejection of reality, claiming that transmutable validity cannot exist since reality is limited by concepts like time and sexuality. It is able to achieve its unique goals in literature and film through numerous literary devices. In literature, there are several devices frequently used by southernism writers to convey some of the main ideas of the movement. Of these devices the use of fragmenting, dark humor, satire, paradox, allusions, mixed point of view and interruption of form are the most frequently used. These devices allow writers to deal with topics like the absurdity of moral, philosophical, political, and authoritative relativism; in addition, these devices provide for a blurring of classifications and boundaries of societal structuring. Ultimately, postmodernists desire to condemn contemporary life, reject reality, and accept relativity and complexity in indefinite answers. The movement of postmodernism came about through a series of meaner. An important factor that contributed to the development was that it followed World War II. Before the war, modernism dominated the current literature of the time. This movement involved rationalism, reason, the scientific approach, optimism for human potential, and a pursuit of absolutely certain knowledge. However, in the wake of both World Wars, the climate was set for postmodernism as confidence in human progress, autonomy, and optimism were destroyed in battle. This permeating and predominantly pessimistic aura of thinking exulted in a series of books, films, artworks, and musical pieces that rejected reality, worldly concepts like time, renounced identity, and questioned the purpose of life. These themes clearly reflect the toll that war had on society; many people desired to marginality the horrors of war in a rejected reality, ostracize human error through a pitiful purpose of existence through fragmented viewpoints. The wars essentially brought about a pessimistic form of modernism that relished in the repudiation of absolute answers; for postmodernists nothing could ever be easily or fully explained. As postmodernist ideals began to develop and conglomerate they were influenced by countless individuals. One extremely influential individual was Linda Hutchison. Hutchison, who wrote several postmodernist works like A Theory of Parody, expressed a great deal of interest in self-reflexive approaches to texts through parodies that both legitimate and subvert that which it parodies (Introductory Guide to Critical Theory). Hutchison also coined the term historiographer metrification, which describes literary texts that assert an interpretation of the past but are also intensely self- flexi; these texts allow a double process of installing and ironing, parody signals how present representations come from past ones and what ideological consequences derive from both continuity and difference (Introductory Guide to Critical Theory). With historiographer metrification, writers can speak constructively about that past in a way that acknowledges the falsity and violence of the past without isolating the present. Many other writers, artists, composers, and directors have had a significant impact on the evolution of postmodernism as well. Key incepts of postmodernism have also developed and evolved through the influence of society and individuals. For example the term kitsch or stratification, which can be defined as the reduction of aesthetic objects or ideas into easily marketable forms, has a more widely accepted definition adopted by famous postmodern philosopher Jean Baudelaire: The kitsch object is commonly understood as one of that great army of trashy objects, made of plaster of Paris [stuck] or some such imitation material: that gallery of cheap Junk”accessories, folksy knickknacks, souvenirs, emphases or fake African masks”which proliferate everywhere, with a preference for holiday resorts and places of leisure (Consumer Society 109-10). Jean Baudelaire also offered a definition for simulacrum, defining it as Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being, or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperbole. It is no longer a question of imitation, nor duplication, nor even parody. It is a question of substituting the signs of the real for the real (The Precession of Simulacra 1-2). Postmodernism, like any literary movement, was molded and defined by society and intellectuals involved in its progression. The profound impact postmodernism had on Kurt Evensongs Slaughterhouse 5, through its use of frame-breaking, criticism of worldly concepts like time and war, exploration or reality and truth, simulacrum, and rejection of reality, satire, allowed for the novel to express its ultimate renunciation of an absolute truth in exchange for intricate and indefinable answers. In addition, it was able to express key concepts of post modernism through its use of postmodern iterate devices; many of these concepts included a search for a higher purpose, a renunciation of social structuring, and a rejection of reality. By expressing these concepts, Opponent follows the postmodernist ideals of historiographer metrification, and questioning the absurdity of contemporary life and conventional viewpoints of society. Frame-breaking, the linkage of separate subplots in a novel to unify the intricacies of an entire plot, contributed to the postmodernist impact on the novel by individuality. Frame-breaking takes place in the novel through the employment of Opponent as three characters of differing importance: the narrator, the protagonist, and a supporting character. Through frame-breaking, Opponent demonstrates that even the recount of a war experience does not hold a simple plot; it consists of a web of intermingled plots, ideas, characters, events, and concepts; this adheres to the postmodernist principle of blurred lines of interpretation and absolute truth. In addition, frame-breaking allows for a loss of identity. The loss of identity occurs when Opponent represents an omniscient force narrating the story as he simultaneously lays protagonist Billy Pilgrim, and a seemingly inconsequential supporting character. Opponent as an omniscient force demonstrates the renunciation of religion in postmodernist ideals; Opponent plays god, yet he is as trivial as any other human being. Furthermore, by telling his own story in the perspective of Billy Pilgrim this demonstrates how war results in a loss of identity, or the adoption of an alias. Rather than personalizing the story in a first person perspective, Opponent distances himself from the horrors of his past. Finally, by including himself as a prison mate in Billy Pilgrims story, this demonstrates how in postmodernism, all identities consolidate; the man that represented god and the protagonist is nevertheless a supporting character in the larger plot of the story. By disparaging his ultimate role in the novel, Opponent demonstrates that people are all essentially equal in life and in death- thus a loss of individualism. Through the use of simulacrum, which involves replacing reality with a representation, Opponent is able to criticize worldly concepts like time and war. For instance, by using the simulacrum of Transformable for Earth, e criticizes the necessity of war. Transformable represents a conglomeration of ideals he believes are optimal in achieving peace. However, instead of directly stating those concepts, Opponent employs a narrative and symbolism; this allows for a rejection of reality while criticizing war. Time is also criticized through a simulacrum of time traveling. Through time traveling the distinctness of years is blurred and time loses meaning as it is muddled together. This criticism of time is a unique postmodernist concept that is closely related to the criticism of social structuring. As postmodernist writer, Opponent denounces the traditional concept of time and replaces it with a web of linked yet intricate events. Simulacrum is also used in the plot of Billy Pilgrims Journey; rather than telling the story in the first person perspective, Opponent ostracizes himself thus criticizing the worldly concept of individualism and identity. Contrastingly, he links all frames of the story in the end of the novel to demonstrate that personal identity is futile when people are all equal in life and in death. In addition the concept of death is abandoned as Opponent accepts omelet equality of the human identity. By employing a plot dedicated to the exploration of reality and truth, Opponent demonstrates that the world according to postmodernists is full of blurred lines, undefined edges, and complex networks of relationships. Not only does the novel in its entirety consist of three convoluted interwoven subplots made up of smaller subplots, but it contains episodes of irrationality and science-fiction. This mixture of reality and science fiction represents a renunciation of reality for a combination of philosophy and fantasy; further mistreating that reality does not exist in a state of definable truth, but in limbo higher purpose is an impossibly multifaceted path that nevertheless ends the same as all others do: everything is connected and personal identity is trivial. The Hours, written by Michael Cunningham and directed by Stephen Deadly, has been manifestly impacted by postmodernism through its use of fragmenting, stratification , satire, and renunciation of worldly concepts like death to express postmodern ideals like a loss of identity or interconnection of all things. Through expressing these ideals, Cunningham was able to reject typical social and literary construct and ultimately convey that answers are not simple or absolute. Frame- breaking is employed in the hours through the eventual amassing of all three subplots within the novel to demonstrate the interconnectedness of all human identities. The novel is formatted in three separate spheres to demonstrate how as humans search their lives for purpose, they are unable to see how individualism and identity are inane. The three plots are eventually connected through death- another worldly concept denounced by postmodernists. Through death, the characters become linked to one another and the reader becomes aware of their unity; this demonstrates how death provides enlightenment and is not solely the end of a life. Additionally, frame-breaking allows the criticism of the concept of time. All three subplots take place in completely different eras, yet they have profound impact on one another despite this detriment; this demonstrates that time is merely a concept, rather than an obstacle, and cannot overcome the unity of humanity identity. Stratification and loss of identity are expressed through a variety of literary devices n The Hours to demonstrate that superficiality and identity are ultimately trivial in life. Stratification most chiefly occurs in the novel and film when the concept of love is reduced to a party and flowers; this becomes a criticism of superficiality upon the death of Richard when the party goes to waste. It signifies that the superficial form of love was powerless and inconsequential to Richards death and that death encompasses all. In addition, both Richard and Virgins death represents a loss of identity in that his life and accomplishment were evidently meaningless to them. In he end, they chose the namelessness of death as their path rather than a quest for a higher purpose or discovery of self-identity. Their deaths are a demonstration of the interconnectedness of life in that both writers commit suicide, creating a full circle to the complex web of relationships. Postmodernism, contradicts itself in its essence. Yet its use of paradoxes, satire, criticisms of the conventional, and quest for answers have had a profound impact on the development of literature, art, and society. While postmodernism will be phase in the history of writing, it will not cease to remind rites to question the norm, look past what is conventional, and defy typical form and construction.

Dorothy Orem's Nursing Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dorothy Orem's Nursing Theory - Research Paper Example The backbone of the theory is the concept that from time to time people are affected by limitations that prevent them from meeting their self-care needs. These limitations can be caused by injury or accident, or by external or internal situations such as disease or the natural progression of aging (Hartweg, 1991). Orem describes the nature of the relationships involved with nursing, between the nurse and the patient, and between the nurse and others (such as family members and physicians) that may be involved. She compares this relationship to a friendship, with the nurse being more objective, able-bodied, selfless, and skilled (Orem, 2003). Orem’s theory is set forth in a way that makes it easy to both understand and to implement. As writers Kathleen Sitzman and Lisa Eichelberger (2011) has stated, â€Å"The simplicity of wording, coupled with an uncanny resonance with everyday nursing activities, has ensured its broad popularity and use in many areas of nursing† (p. 94). Orem believed that wholeness is part of what makes a person human. Health helps the person be fully who he or she is, and to operate along with physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms. Good health enables people to interact with others and to have meaningful relationships with those around them (Current Nursing). Nursing is required for patients who need â€Å"direct continuing assistance in self-care† (Orem, 1993, p. 258) caused by health problems. These are needs that all people have, regardless of their health needs, but nurses are required when patients are unable to meet them. Patients tend to become healthier and to recover more quickly from disease, illness, and injury when they are able to participate in and accomplish their own self-care. It is the nurse’s role and responsibility to provide patients and their families

Cultural Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cultural Autobiography - Essay Example Initiator-Cheerleader is also exhibited by parents when they motivate their children to improve their performance in school. Assertive communication is the type of communication that is commonly used by parents while giving guidelines to the children. It is usually informal and verbal. Initially, the change in cultural practices was confusing, but I was able to adapt to the new culture. It influenced my cultural experience in the sense that I became open minded to accept the diversity of cultures. I realized that each culture has certain values that are unique to it, and that all these values are focused on maintaining the integrity of the community members. The current culture and the original one have several similarities and differences. In both, family, education and spirituality are highly valued. All families participate in communal matters such as weddings and burial ceremonies. All community members congregate at a common place every time a new issue arises in the community, for example outbreak of a disease or natural disasters. The original culture was different from the current culture in that, only men got employed while women took care of the home and the children, but in the current culture, both men and women are employed equally. The change in the social and cultural nature of society has caused a change in my conception about culture in general. I have realized that culture is something that can change over time if people accept these changes, especially when different cultures mix through migration or

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Terrorism - Essay Example In this case paper, discussed are the specific comparisons of motives, ideologies, methods & tactics, and histories of the Ku Klux Klan as a domestic terror organization and the Al Qaeda as an international terror group. The Justice Department describes domestic terrorism as the set of acts with the U.S territory that are deemed dangerous to a civilian population, violating state and federal laws, and those with not real connection with international terrorist groups or terrorists. The motives of domestic terrorists is to coerce citizens, influence domestic governance approach, and affect the governing administration through mass destruction. Under the domestic terrorism, the Ku Klux Klan has is one of the most notorious terror groups that have functioned with the U.S for over a century. The Ku Klux Klan is also regarded as one of the oldest terror groups in the history of the US with various transformation witnessed throughout its existence (United States Department of Justice, 2015). As long ago as 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is known to have existed up to current year, 2015. The KKK has undergone through various transformations as well as disbanding that has left the group non-existent for year before springing up again after civil, political, or social issues erupt in the U.S. The initial form of the organization is reported to have existed shortly after the Civil War but its lifespan only lasted for a few years before the disbanding of the group. 45 years later, the KKK took shape again following a film released under the name The Birth of a Nation. The second wave or version of the group is deemed as having been stronger, organized, and more ruthless than its previous version. In its revived version, the group targeted Catholics, immigrants, blacks, and Jews as well as alcohol establishments. The second stage of the

Jerry Zuckers Ghost Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jerry Zuckers Ghost - Movie Review Example He writes, for example, that one of the movie’s â€Å"irritations† is that the character played by Demi Moore is a â€Å"slow study† – that she is too dense to pick up basic and obvious clues that any other character would supposedly immediately find significant. He worries that the movie comes close to using an â€Å"Idiot Plot† – i.e., one that moves its action forward based on the essential stupidity of a central role. These claims, while perhaps justifiable in analytical terms that demand a certain sophistication from a movie’s direction and writing if the movie were to make such claims about itself, seem unnecessarily harsh. Nevertheless, despite these critical prejudices, the film ultimately grossed more than half a billion dollars at the box office and was awarded two Academies Awards and was nominated for three others. Whoopie Goldberg won the Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of the medium Oda Mae Brown. The film also received the award for Best Original Screenplay. The film was nominated for Best Original Score, Best Film Editing, and perhaps most importantly, Best Picture. Additionally, the film has been recognized in numerous categories by the American Film Institute as among the best films of its kinds, with some of the most memorable moments in the recent film. It is viewed in retrospect, therefore, as a successful movie that appealed to filmgoers on some level other than those required by the professional critic class. This brief paper will analyze why the film succeeded so well, despite the original critical judgments.

Business growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business growth - Essay Example Businesses that grow are often seen in the technology industries† (par. 1). In terms of measuring business growth in the United States therefore, one needs to gather and evaluate pertinent data that indicates the performance of businesses that is indicative of growth over the period under review. In the Econographia (2012) site, the historical record of the country’s economic performance is effectively captured and visually presented using graphical illustrations. One of the most relevant indicators of business growth that was disclosed was the ability to create jobs, specifically in the private sector. As revealed, from the post-war period until the tenure of President Obama, the creation of private sector jobs have been illustrated to exhibit a declining trend, except during the periods where governance was headed by Dwight David â€Å"Ike† Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, and both George H.W. Bush (41st President) and George W. Bush (43rd Presid ent), which signified the lowest trends, as shown in Figure 1, below. Obama’s tenure manifested the fourth lowest number of private sector jobs created. ... However, as emphasized by Kiely & Farley (2012), â€Å"by using private-sector jobs, the president makes his job-creation record look better. The U.S. has gained about 55,000 private-sector jobs since Obama became president in January 2009, but overall there has been a total job loss of 552,000 — all because of the decline in government jobs† (p. 1). Seeing the political climate through the eyes of the American Institute of Economic Research (AIER), Steven Cunningham, the Director of Research and Education has indicated through his economic review that there is an eminent recovery that could spur optimistic potentials for business growth. As disclosed, the business cycle conditions that are being monitored by the AIER have captured rising business growth indicators which confirms supposed continuing expansion (Cunningham, 2012). A copy of the statistical indicators of business cycle changes for the period February to June 2012 are presented in Annex A. From the statisti cal indicators, it was revealed that positive changes were noted for the following primary leading indicators for the cyclical status April to June of 2012, to wit: (1) new orders for consumer goods; (2) new housing permits; (3) index of common stock prices; and (4) change in consumer debt. For primary roughly coincident indicators, the following were optimistic and expanding changes: (1) non-agricultural employment; (2) index of industrial production; (3) personal income less transfer payments; (4) manufacturing and trade sales; and (5) gross domestic product. Finally, for primary lagging indicators, the following exhibited expanding status: (1) manufacturing and trade inventories; (2) commercial and industrial loans; (3) ratio of consumer debt to income; and (4)

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Terrorism - Essay Example In this case paper, discussed are the specific comparisons of motives, ideologies, methods & tactics, and histories of the Ku Klux Klan as a domestic terror organization and the Al Qaeda as an international terror group. The Justice Department describes domestic terrorism as the set of acts with the U.S territory that are deemed dangerous to a civilian population, violating state and federal laws, and those with not real connection with international terrorist groups or terrorists. The motives of domestic terrorists is to coerce citizens, influence domestic governance approach, and affect the governing administration through mass destruction. Under the domestic terrorism, the Ku Klux Klan has is one of the most notorious terror groups that have functioned with the U.S for over a century. The Ku Klux Klan is also regarded as one of the oldest terror groups in the history of the US with various transformation witnessed throughout its existence (United States Department of Justice, 2015). As long ago as 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is known to have existed up to current year, 2015. The KKK has undergone through various transformations as well as disbanding that has left the group non-existent for year before springing up again after civil, political, or social issues erupt in the U.S. The initial form of the organization is reported to have existed shortly after the Civil War but its lifespan only lasted for a few years before the disbanding of the group. 45 years later, the KKK took shape again following a film released under the name The Birth of a Nation. The second wave or version of the group is deemed as having been stronger, organized, and more ruthless than its previous version. In its revived version, the group targeted Catholics, immigrants, blacks, and Jews as well as alcohol establishments. The second stage of the

Business growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business growth - Essay Example Businesses that grow are often seen in the technology industries† (par. 1). In terms of measuring business growth in the United States therefore, one needs to gather and evaluate pertinent data that indicates the performance of businesses that is indicative of growth over the period under review. In the Econographia (2012) site, the historical record of the country’s economic performance is effectively captured and visually presented using graphical illustrations. One of the most relevant indicators of business growth that was disclosed was the ability to create jobs, specifically in the private sector. As revealed, from the post-war period until the tenure of President Obama, the creation of private sector jobs have been illustrated to exhibit a declining trend, except during the periods where governance was headed by Dwight David â€Å"Ike† Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, and both George H.W. Bush (41st President) and George W. Bush (43rd Presid ent), which signified the lowest trends, as shown in Figure 1, below. Obama’s tenure manifested the fourth lowest number of private sector jobs created. ... However, as emphasized by Kiely & Farley (2012), â€Å"by using private-sector jobs, the president makes his job-creation record look better. The U.S. has gained about 55,000 private-sector jobs since Obama became president in January 2009, but overall there has been a total job loss of 552,000 — all because of the decline in government jobs† (p. 1). Seeing the political climate through the eyes of the American Institute of Economic Research (AIER), Steven Cunningham, the Director of Research and Education has indicated through his economic review that there is an eminent recovery that could spur optimistic potentials for business growth. As disclosed, the business cycle conditions that are being monitored by the AIER have captured rising business growth indicators which confirms supposed continuing expansion (Cunningham, 2012). A copy of the statistical indicators of business cycle changes for the period February to June 2012 are presented in Annex A. From the statisti cal indicators, it was revealed that positive changes were noted for the following primary leading indicators for the cyclical status April to June of 2012, to wit: (1) new orders for consumer goods; (2) new housing permits; (3) index of common stock prices; and (4) change in consumer debt. For primary roughly coincident indicators, the following were optimistic and expanding changes: (1) non-agricultural employment; (2) index of industrial production; (3) personal income less transfer payments; (4) manufacturing and trade sales; and (5) gross domestic product. Finally, for primary lagging indicators, the following exhibited expanding status: (1) manufacturing and trade inventories; (2) commercial and industrial loans; (3) ratio of consumer debt to income; and (4)

Staffing and Training Essay Example for Free

Staffing and Training Essay As multinational firms globalise they must learn to co-ordinate efforts among an increasingly culturally diverse workforce and environment. Nowadays people tend to be very defensive of their cultural identity and caution by others has to be taken so that insult is not caused. Through the years success of Japanese organisations global strategies has encouraged American firms. Although many point out the advantages, cultural diversity may leads to conflict, misunderstanding and lack of cohesion. (Tung, [1993]) states that cross cultural training process, helps in the development of building relations between individuals or groups, especially individuals/groups with diverse cultural backgrounds. (Welch [1998]) defines cultural training as any form of guided experience helping people to live and work more contentedly in another culture. Such training encourages understanding about differences and acceptance of the multicultural work environment and helps create and retain effective work teams and expertise in dealing with multicultural management (Hartenian, [2000]) describes the multi-cultural workforce as a workforce that excludes no one, from top-level management to low-level employees. He sees the multi-cultural workforce has one of the main opportunities for an organisation. Although multi-cultural workforces are beneficial to organisations in relation to performance and profitability, they can be very hard to manage. According to (Hill, [92]) the key to managing multi-cultural workforces is the realisation that majority and minority cultures do not always share experiences. To solve this managers can adapt different strategies such as: developing programmes that promote awareness of different cultures, recognise common links among different ethnic groups and express concerns and confusions. (Hill [1992]) believes that if organisations use these strategies, economic benefits will be reaped. This may be easier said than done, (Harisis Kleiner, [1993]) argue that the implementation of such workforces are extremely difficult. They say that not only within American society and businesses but on a world wide scale there are widespread barriers. Such barriers include unwritten rules and double standards for success which are often unknown to women and minorities, stereotypes and their associated assumptions and lack of communication about differences. In global organisations it is essential that effective cross cultural training occurs in order to help individuals obtain both the knowledge and the tools needed to reduce misunderstandings and improper actions (Black Mendenhall [1990]) suggest that multi-cultural training provides individuals with greater self confidence and decreased narrow-mindedness about people from diverse cultures. In addition (Barlett and Ghoshal [1990]) also pointed out that establishing a multicultural training programme improved the companys ability to operate more efficiently in different cultural environments. Although many multicultural training programmes are undertaken to enhance cultural diversity they are not always successful. According to (Woods [1992]) a systematic approach should be taken towards training. (Woods [1992]) established a four step cycle: Firstly was to specify certain job task of individuals and assess the needs of the corporate culture. Secondly is the identification of training objectives. Thirdly was the establishment of the proper training content in which the following was used; sensitivity training, cultural awareness and orientation programs. In addition (Cox, [1993]; Gamio Sneed, [1992]; Tung, [1993]) introduced the communication competency program. In the final stage (Milkovich Boudreau [1991]) stated that training programs need to verify whether the training is successful in junior members of staffs performances at work. The cycle used was concerned with the effectiveness of the training, however, (Mendenhall Oddou [1986[ Tung [1981]) found factors that deterred individuals. These included lack of specialised trainers, cost and perceived lack of usefulness. Research carried out by (Gamio Sneed [1992]) found that the deterrence factors are of major importance. Take for instance the catering industry. Mangers in restaurants may blame high staff turnover rates on lack of multi-cultural training, therefore using these rates as the reason to ignore the need for training programs. (Jackson [1991]) believes that heterogeneity among team members contributes to high turnover rates within organisations. Researchers may find that the re lationship between cultural diversity and staff turnover is of major importance to all organisations. Hospitality researchers Results of this study have provided useful directions for future research in the area of multicultural training. Respondents in this study perceived more success in improving interpersonal skills than dealing with culturally diverse people because those skills are probably more easily observable and acquirable. A more rigorous research design is recommended before definitive conclusions about the efficiency of the training can be reached (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). Without identifying a baseline of knowledge and skills before starting the program, it becomes difficult to measure training effectiveness. Researchers can solve this problem by utilizing a pretest-posttest design with a control group, identifying two separate groups during pretest. One group would be tested before and after receiving the training. The other group would simply be tested twice once before and once after the program but they would not receive the training. By measuring both groups, training managers could fully assess the impact of the training program. Furthermore, the measurement of the training effectiveness needs to incorporate the trainees estimation about the program in addition to perceptions from directors of human resources. Alliger and Janak (1989) advocated that training needs to integrate two evaluation criteria: 1 Internal. For assessing how trainees feel about the training experience. 2 External. For estimating the changes in job behavior and organizational effectiveness (Milkovich and Boudreau, 1991). . Such training encourages understanding about differences and acceptance of the multicultural work environment and helps create and retain effective work teams and expertise in dealing with multicultural management. Full Text (2411 words) Copyright InfoWorld Publications, Inc. Apr 24, 2000 [Headnote] As the IT workforce grows more diverse, managers must improve awareness without creating inconsistency Diversity will have a significant impact on the hospitality industry. On one hand, diversity may cause problems, particularly in older, traditional organizations with a homogeneous workforce, including communication difficulties with supervisors and co-workers as well as with customers. Thus, group cohesiveness may be reduced by an increased cultural diversity among group members (Cox, 1993). The lack of understanding of different cultures may lead to ineffective management techniques in directing, motivating, and rewarding culturally diverse employees. On the other hand, diversity enriches a hospitality organization by adding new cultures, ideas, and alternative methods for solving problems.). What is not understood is what effects, if any, these changes will have on an organization and how it can respond in a proactive way to them. Recognizing the significance of managing diversity in the hospitality organization, Welch et al. (1988) suggest that developing cultural awareness in a company helps employees become familiar with different values, interpersonal interactions, and communication systems which must be understood for an effective multicultural working environment. Christensen (1993) emphasizes that organizations failing to acknowledge the full range of variety inherent in their employees and customer populations will have difficulty surviving . Restaurants need to have more thorough multicultural training programs, focusing on training goals which are practical and job-specific. Job result-oriented training goals, including increasing employee teamwork among culturally diverse employees and improving cross-cultural skills, must be a part of the training goals to encourage employee participation and eventually help in facilitating job performance in dealing with multicultural work environments. In addition, training methods should be more comprehensive rather than limited. As case 3 reported, minority mentor and advisory programs could be utilized to encourage full participation of ethnic minorities. These involvement efforts, with full support from upper management, would help change employees attitudes and lower barriers between diverse workers and promote ethnic minorities, and hopefully lead to less turnover generated from the feeling of isolation and difference. Furthermore, human resource directors may consider utilizing employees with multicultural experience. For instance, the company can hire managers who have hands-on experience with different cultures or language skills for efficient interaction with diverse employees and for multicultural training. These comprehensive training approaches can eventually generate productive training results and increase better understanding among employees from diverse cultural backgrounds. Hospitality researchers Results of this study have provided useful directions for future research in the area of multicultural training. Respondents in this study perceived more success in improving interpersonal skills than dealing with culturally diverse people because those skills are probably more easily observable and acquirable. A more rigorous research design is recommended before definitive conclusions about the efficiency of the training can be reached (Black and Mendenhall, 1990). Without identifying a baseline of knowledge and skills before starting the program, it becomes difficult to measure training effectiveness. Researchers can solve this problem by utilizing a pretest-posttest design with a control group, identifying two separate groups during pretest. One group would be tested before and after receiving the training. The other group would simply be tested twice once before and once after the program but they would not receive the training. By measuring both groups, training managers could fully assess the impact of the training program. Furthermore, the measurement of the training effectiveness needs to incorporate the trainees estimation about the program in addition to perceptions from directors of human resources. Alliger and Janak (1989) advocated that training needs to integrate two evaluation criteria: 1 Internal. For assessing how trainees feel about the training experience. 2 External. For estimating the changes in job behavior and organizational effectiveness (Milkovich and Boudreau, 1991). . In responding to the multicultural work environments and international scope of restaurant operations, the hospitality industry should provide proper training for line employees who require customer interactions during their routine jobs in addition to managers who deal with employee promotion and corporate culture. TRAINING Perlmutter identified three managerial attitudes toward international operations Managers with an ethnocentric attitude are home-country oriented. Home-country personnel, ideas, and practices are viewed as inherently superior to those from abroad and are used for evaluation purposes. A polycentric attitude is a host-country orientation based on the assumption that because cultures are so different, local managers know what is best for their operations. Managers with a geocentric attitude are world-oriented. Skill, not nationality, determines who gets promoted or transferred to key positions around the globe. This attitude attempts to maintain a balance between global standards and local discretion. A geocentric attitude can help management take a long step toward success in todays vigorously competitive global marketplace. complexity. Documentary programs. Culture assimilator. Language instruction. Sensitivity training. Field experience. TRAINING . . References 1. Alliger, G. and Janak, E. (1989), Kirkpatricks levels of training criteria: thirty years later, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 42 No. 4, pp. 331-42. 2. Andorka, F. (1997), Diversity task forces meet to set agenda, Hotel and Motel Management, Vol. 212 No. 4, pp. 32-6. 3. Barlett, C. and Ghoshal, S. (1990), Matrix management: not a structure, a frame of mind, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68 No. 4, pp. 138-45. 4. Black, J. and Mendenhall, M. (1990), Cross-cultural training effectiveness: a review and a theoretical framework for future research, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. 113-36. 5. Bochner, S. (1982), Cultures in Contact: Studies in Cross-cultural Interaction, Pergamon Press, New York, NY. 6. Bond, R. and Bond, J. (1993), The Sourcebook of Franchise Opportunities, Business One Irwin, Homewood, IL. 7. Christensen, J. (1993), The diversity dynamic: implications for organizations in 2005, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 69-86. 8. Clark, J. and Arbel, A. (1993), Producing global managers, The Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 83-7. 9. Cox, T.H. (1991), The multicultural organization, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 34-47. 10. Cox, T.H. (1993), Cultural Diversity in Organizations, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA. 11. Franchise Directory (1992), 1st ed., Martin, S. (Ed.), Gale Research, Detroit, MI. 12. Fullerton, H. (1987), Labor force projections: 1986-2000, Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 110 No. 9, pp. 19-29. 13. Gamio, M. and Sneed, J. (1992), Cross-cultural training practices and needs in the hotel industry, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 13-26. 14. Glick, W., Harber, H., Miller, D., Doty, H. and Sutcliffe, K. (1990), Studying changes in organizational design and effectiveness: retrospective event histories and periodic assessments, Organization Science, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 293-312. 15. Harris, K. and West, J. (1993), Using multimedia in hospitality training, The Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 4, pp. 75-82. 16. Houten, B. (1997), Harvest time, Restaurant Business, Vol. 15 No. 8, pp. 71-80. 17. Jackson, S., Brett, J., Sessa, V., Cooper, D., Julin, J. and Peyronnin, K. (1991), Some differences make a difference: individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 76 No. 5, pp. 675-89. 18. Jeffcoate, R. (1981), Why multicultural education?, Education 3-13, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 4-7. 19. Mejia, L. and Palich, L. (1997), Cultural diversity and the performance of multicultural firms, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 309-35. 20. Mendenhall, M. and Oddou, G. (1986), Acculturation profiles of expatriate managers: implications for cross-cultural training programs, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 73-9. 21. Milkovich, G. and Boudreau, J. (1991), Selection and design of training programs, in Human Resource Management, 6th ed., Irwin, Homewood, IL. 22. National Restaurant Association (1988), Foodservice Industry 2000 (Current Issue Report), National Restaurant Association, Washington, DC. 23. Tung, R. (1981), Selection and training of personnel for overseas assignments, Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 68-78. 24. Tung, R. (1993), Managing cross-national and intra-national diversity, Human Resource Management, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 461-77. 25. US Travel Service (1990), Annual Summary of International Travelers to the US, US Travel Service, Washington, DC. 26. Welch, T., Tanke, M. and Glover, G. (1988), Multicultural human resource management, Hospitality Research Journal, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 337-45. 27. Woods, R. (1992), Managing Hospitality Human Resources, Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association, East Lansing, MI. 28. Zikmund, W. (1991), Business Research Methods, 3rd ed., The Dryden Press, Orlando, FL, pp. 3 Despite their popularity, the risk of failure of such ventures is high. There is a wealth of academic research studying the factors which may lead to greater success. Some authors suggest that greater attention up front to structural and partner characteristic dimensions will arrest the high failure rate (Parkhe, 1993). Recent research effort has been directed towards forwarding general prescriptions for managing the relationship once the alliance is under way Parkhe, A. (1993), Strategic alliance structuring: a game theoretical and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 794-829. The work of Hofstede (1980), in particular, is considered the most comprehensive effort, involving analysis of a large scale questionnaire based survey of one large American corporation in 40 of its subsidiaries. Hofstede found that differences in national culture varied substantially along the four dimensions of uncertainty avoidance, individuality, tolerance of power distance and masculinity-femininity. Hofstedes work has frequently been used as a starting point to identify and model cultural clusters (Kogut and Singh, 1988; Ronen and Shenkar, 1985). Although the methodological approach has been extended to explore the effect of culture on international cooperation (Johnson et al., 1993; Graham, 1988) the difficulties of measuring and monitoring exchange processes have been noted. Indonesian culture, particularly Javanese and Sundanese culture (the latter from the region of Bandung) is very different from modern Western European and North American culture. Particular aspects of these cultural differences can affect the trust-building process. The case provides key episodes which illuminate these cultural trait differences and suggests methods to work within this cultural diversity. The critical involvement of stakeholders A key cultural dimension in SE Asian culture is the collectivist approach to business. This manifests itself in our case study through the critical involvement of stakeholders in the formation phase of the JV. The role of stakeholders and management of their interests is a key theme running through the paper. In particular, the case study suggests a need to systematically identify the power and interest of potential stakeholders and plan for and subsequently negotiate their roles and influence in the venture. These factors have led many Western companies to look for help and expert local advice through collaborative arrangements with ASEAN country partners. Market entry strategies have favoured equity JVs, which several ASEAN countries prefer in order to protect their own interests and ensure long-term growth (Lasserre, 1995; Mann 1996). The JV formation process: an analytical framework Lorange and Roos (1993) proposed a formation process model for JVs and strategic alliances which consisted of two areas of consideration; political and analytical and two phases of development; the initial and the intensive phase. This model has been modified and extended to create an analytical framework which derives from the Indonesian JV experience. The marketing and economic benefits from such a JV were apparent to Lucas at the time. Essentially the JV would provide abundant and highly skilled low-cost labour (with future joint product development a realistic possibility), made up of a loyal, dedicated and, importantly, reliable workforce with excellent proven machine tool skills and capabilities. Good rail and air transport links with markets in Europe, North America and Asia Pacific made it an attractive proposition along with a burgeoning Western market for low-cost high quality aerospace standard precision machined parts and components Westerners, particularly from Northern Europe and North America are generally viewed as particularists (Trompenaars, 1993). They rely heavily on rules and legal agreements to structure and provide governance to cooperative ventures. Trompenaars, F. (1993), Riding the Waves of Culture, Nicholas Brealey, London The most commonly utilized starting point for organizational development work on managing diversity is some type of employee education program. Human Resource Planning, June 2001 v24 i2 p10 Workforce Diversity Training: From Anti-Discrimination Compliance to Organizational Development. Marc Bendick; Mary Lou Egan; Suzanne M. Lofhjelm. Diversity is not just race and gender. It has a lot to do with communication styles and work styles,

Coronary heart disease in London

Coronary heart disease in London Mortality rates due to Coronary heart disease are increasing in the London and its one of the borough Newham. Newham has second height rates of early death due to cardiovascular disease (Newham PCT 2007). 68% of total population are South Asian origin ( Newham, 2008). This eassy is examine the distribution of coronary heart disease among the South Asian community in the London borough of Newham. It will look the demography and ethnicity of borough by using various epidermiolgical data to follow the situation of coronary heart disease among the various community of South Asian ethnic groups.It will also disscuss the mortality rates due to coronary heart disease in different boroughs of London. In addition, it will also disscuss the social and other factors that is responseable for coronary heart disease in the South Asian population in the borough. And at last it will discuss the various international, national and local policies and from the various service gaps it will give some re commendation and ended with conclusion. Coronary heart disease is the one of the main cause of death in the whole world, accounting 18 million death s each year (33% of total death in each year) (World Health Organization, 2001 ). Mortality rates vary considerably between countries, being lower in Japan and Mediterranean countries such as France, Spain, Portugal and Italy, and highest in eastern European countries such as Latvia and Lithuania (World health organization). Around 50% of these deaths are from CHD and further 25% from stroke. Cardiovascular disease mortality rates in the UK are currently amongst the highest in the world, accounting for 36% of premature deaths in men ( those aged less then 75 years ) and 75% amongst women . (sara stanner, 2005,p1 p5 ) Death rates from coronary heart disease are higher in south Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) men and women than general population of United Kingdom. Across all the age groups, the death rates are 40% higher in south Asian community, with a two fold excess of deaths in south Asian men before the age of 40. South Asian women are affected at later stage. The high death rates due to coronary heart disease are common feature of all the main groups of coming from south Asia. ( Paul McKeigue Leena Sevak, 1994, p1). London, the capital of England and U.K, is the worlds ninth largest city. It has 32 boroughs, of which 13 are situated in the inner London and 19 are situated in outer London. It is the second largest region in terms of total population, accounting for 12 per cent of the UK total. There were 7.6 million residents in 2007.( National Statistics 2009 ). Newham is one of the boroughs of London. The population of Newham is about 262,116 in 2008. The age structure of the population of Newham is predominantly young as shown on the fig1 Source: Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2008 Only 8% of populations are over 65 years old, compared to national average of 16%. This is the second lower proportion of older people in the country.35% of population are under 25, highest proportion in the country. 22% population is under 15 years old, compared to national average, which is 18%.The population of Newham is estimated to have grown by 7.5 % between the 2001 National Census ( 243,891) and 2008 ( 262,116 ). Two thirds (68%) of population of Newham are usually BMI groups. The largest group was estimated to be South Indian (32%) of which Indian (12%), Pakistani (10%), Bangladeshi (10%).There is also significant numbers of Black African(15%) and Black Caribbean(7%) people in 2006. A large number of people who live in this borough come from outside of the UK. 38% of boroughs population was born outside of the UK. This includes a significant number of people who came as asylum seekers or refugees. There is a marked change in the ethnic composition of wards in Newham between 1991 and 2001. There was an inverse relation ship between the proportion of White resident and Asian. Normally, the wards with high proportion of white residents had a low proportion of Asian residents and vice versa. For example, in Green Street east ward 65% was Asian where only 16% was white resident. In contract, in Royal dock, 61% of population was white and only 7% wa s Asian (Newham, 2008) Ethnicity by ward in Newham Source: Joint Strategic Needs Assessment 2008 Coronary Heart Disease is the major cause of death in the South Asian population in the UK and the death rates of South Asian population due to CHD is higher than the indigenous white population which is stated 46% higher in men and 51% higher in women in the south Asian community in the United Kingdom. Besides the death rates between the South Asian community and rest of the population is increasing they by day due to slow decreasing rates of mortality in the South Asian community rather than the rest of the population ( DOH, 2003). Coronary Heart Disease is prevalent among the South Asians. South Asian people born in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan are approximately 50% more susceptible to die prematurely from coronary heart disease than the general population. A joint report by NHS and British Heart Foundation said that it is not completely uncovered why South Asian suffered more heart disease than the other group of population. There is several hypothesis have been offe red. For example, South Asian are genetically more prone to have coronary heart disease and their back ward socio-economic position may also put them at higher risk. Other risk factor common in South Asians are high level of smoking ( Particularly amongst the Bangladeshi men ), low exercise rate and taking high fat diet and low intake of food and vegetables. In addition to suffering high level of heart disease, evidence shows that Asian communities tends to be diagnosed at late stage of the disease and that leeds to poorer survival rates ( DHSSPS, 2004). . The mortality rates due to coronary heart disease in most deprived 20% areas of England is nearly 60% higher than the mortality rates of the least 20% areas of England for both sex between 2001 to 2006. The most vulnerable groups in the United kingdom for coronary heart disease are the South Asian community. Compared to national average, men born in Pakistan or Bangladesh who live in UK are more than twice chance of die due to coronary heart disease ( British Heart Foundation, 2009). Several risk factors that causes the coronary heart disease is identified after extensive statistical study. There are several risk factors pointed by the American Heart Association of which some of the risk factors can be modified or treat ed and some of the risk factors are not, causes of this risk factors are idiopathic. The major risk factors that cant be changed are usually increasing age, gender and the hereditary factor. Above 83% of people, who died due to coronary heart disease are usually over 65years old. Men are more vulnerable to heart attack then women and they are developing the heart disease early stage of the life then women. The third risk factor is hereditary, means the children are more risk of developing heart disease in their life whose parents are suffering from heart disease as well (American Heart Association, 2009). The other major risk factors that can be modified, controlled or treated to cure are discussed below: SMOKING: The people who smoke usually put themselves 2-4 times more risk to develop coronary heart disease then the non smokers (American Heart Association, 2009). South Asian people usually smoke more than the overall general population. But the level of smoking may differ in various ethnic groups. The level of smoking is relatively high in Bangladeshi community and particularly in older people. 42% people in Bangladeshi community are smoker, where only 27% of general population are smoker. 70% of the older men in Bangladeshi community aged 54-70 are usually smokes and the percentage of smoker in the age range of 30-49 is 54%. Smoking levels of South Asian women are much lower than South Asian men and lower than the women who smoke in general population. But there is marked number of Bangladeshi women (14%) are usually smoking cigarettes (DOH, 2004).Chewing tobacco is common in Bangladeshi community .19% of men and 26% of women in the Bangladeshi community are fond of chewing tobacco. Chewin g tobacco is the main tobacco product among the women of Bangladeshi community ( British Heart Foundation, 2002).Fig-4 shows the prevalence of smoking in Newham, where 46% Bangladeshi men and 33% Pakistani men are smoker and among the women the percentage is Pakistan 4%, India1%, and Bangladesh 1% ( Savings life 2007). DIET : The one of the main reason of high prevalence of coronary heart disease in UK is unhealthy diet. People intake too much saturated fat in their diet and consumption of vegetable and fruit. Total energy receive from the fat by adults is falling in a very slow rate, 40% in mid 1970s and now it is around 37%. Now the food habit of the population is changing and percentage of taking saturated fat are falling from around 19% to around 15%. In contrast, 88% of men and 83% of women still taking saturated fat higher than the normal level. The people are eating more fresh fruits since 1940s but the level of taking vegetable is going low. Now a days only 13% of men and 15% of women are taken the right amount of fruit and vegetable in UK. Among the minor ethnic groups, Indian and Pakistani men and women are taking sufficient amount of fruits (British Heart Foundation, 2009).Normally, Bangladeshi men and women are fond of red meat and fried food so their intake of red meat and fried food is highe r than the other community. On the other hand, the men and the women of the Indian community take red meat less frequently and Indian men are not fond of fried food. This food habits affects the overall fat score. The highest fat score in men is naturally goes to Bangladeshi men (22%) and lowest with the Indian men (11%) men. 27% of Bangladeshi women have high fat score compare to Indian women, they have only 8% of them with high fat score. Bangladeshi adults take the lowest level of fruits. Only 15% of Bangladeshi men and 16% of Bangladeshi women eats fruits more than six times in a week. The Pakistani Community have lowest level of vegetable consumption. Only 7% of men and 11% of women in the Pakistani community takes vegetable more than six times a week (British Heart Foundation, 2002). Physical activity: Physically activities definitely lower the risk of coronary heart disease. As a adults, 30 minutes a moderate physical activities at least five times in a week is good for health. But the Health Survey For England shows that only 40% of men and around 28% of women in this country are as active as the recommend level is. The more recent data obtained from Health Survey For England shows that physical activity is little bit increasing between men and women in all age from 1970 to 2006 ( British Heart Foundation, 2009).South Asian men and women usually avoid the physical activities. Among all the south Asian community, lowest levels are found in Bangladeshi community. Only 18% of Bangladeshi male fulfil the recommend level of physical activities, where the percentage of Bangladeshi women is only 7% (British Heart Foundation, 2002). Overweight and Obesity: Obesity is much lower in Indian, Pakistani and most especially in Bangladeshi men. Bangladeshi men are more then 3 times less obese than the general population. The weight to hip ratio is relatively high in Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi men. The percentage of centrally obese Indian men is 41% compare to the general population where the percentage is 28%. Among The women, Pakistani women have low prevalence of obesity and Bangladeshi women have high prevalence of obesity. The level of central obesity of all minor ethnic group women s is higher than the national average ( British Heart Foundation, 2002). Alcohol: Alcohol is relevant to the control of cardio-vascular disease in both ways. First, there is some evidence that shows that moderate alcohol drinking may reduce the risk of heart disease. On the other hand, heavy drinking of alcohol may rise the blood pressure and causes the obesity. Both of them are responsible for increasing the risk of coronary heart disease ( Paul Mckeigue and Leena Sevak, 1994, p19). Adults from all minority ethnic group excluding the Irish community less likely to intake alcohol than the national average of general population. A very small amount of Bangladeshi adults the percentage is less then 5 % and less then 10% of Pakistani adults is ever drinking alcohol at all. Compare to the men , women South Asian community is usually non drinker ( British Heart Foundation, 2002,p109). Blood Pressure: In the report of World Health Organization ( 2002) shows that marked rise of blood pressure is one of the leading risk factor of coronary heart disease (British Heart Foundation,2009). Blood pressure is similar to the levels of the Europeans, in Gujarati Hindus and Pakistani Muslims. The average blood pressure of Bangladeshis are usually lower than the European( Paul Mckeigue and Leena Sevak, 1994,p19). Bangladeshi men have 25% less chance to have high blood pressure than the men of general population. Pakistani women usually have around 25% more chance to grow high blood pressure then the women of general population ( British Heart Foundation, 2002,p130). Psychosocial Well-being: A number of psychosocial factor have been found to associate with the risk of increasing rates of coronary heart disease. They are work stress, lack of social support, depression (including anxiety) and personality (particularly hostility). The General Health Questionnaire ( GHQ12) is used assess the levels of depression, anxiety, disturbance and happiness by the Health Survey for England. It shows that women have high GHQ12 score compared to the men. 18% of women have high score. On the other hand, the percentage of men with high score is only 13%. The younger age groups has lower score then the women and men over the age of 75. There is no strong connection between GHQ12 scores and social class but there is a inverse connection between the GHQ12 scores and income, people who incomes less money usually have high score. Men living in the inner part of the London have more scores than the men of outer London. In case of women, 25% difference between inner Lond on and outer London. Among the ethnic community, Bangladeshis have the highest score followed by the Pakistani community. The percentage of Bangladeshi men and women who have high score is 28% and 30%.According to report, men has less social support then women. 16% of men are reported to have severe lack of social support, where only 12% women claim that they lave lack of social support according to Health Survey for England. Social support also varies with ethnicity. South Asian men and women are more reported to a lack of severe social support. Bangladeshi men are in the highest position with the 37% and Indian women with 34%. Diabetes: Diabetes is one of the major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Men who are suffering from type-2 diabetes have two to four fold of greater risk coronary heart disease. With more risk of coronary heart disease in women. Over 5% of men and 4% of women are suffering from the diagnosed diabetes.The Health survey for England estimate that around 3% of men and 1% women are suffering from diabetes in the UK, which are not diagnosed yet ( British Heart Foundation, 2009). The prevalence of diabetes is much more higher in South Asian community than the general population. In Bangladeshi and Pakistani men and women have the prevalence of diabetes five time higher than the general population( British Heart Foundation, 20002, p-152). The World Health Organization expresses the importance of giving focus on the major known risk factors. Smoking, diet and physical activity associated with other biological factor like blood pressure, dyslipidaemias and obesity is the main risk factor coronary heart disease, so these should be the main focus of the prevention policy. Among all the factors WHO gives more importance to take more steps on tobacco use and obesity ( World Health Organization, 2002). Due to premature mortality rates in the South Asian community ( Indians, Pakistani, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans) and the rates are higher than national average and the difference in the mortality rates between South Asian Population and white European. Finally, the Campaigns to change the life style organised by NHS is not as effective in South Asian community as the rest of the population. So British Heart Foundation take various activities to fight with coronary heart disease. British Heart foundation produce various videos of different case study in different language for health professionals and carers such as living to prevent heart disease which focuses on prevention and management of coronary heart disease and another one is Get fit, keep fit, and prevent heart disease based on physical activities. Two booklets in Urdu, Hindi, Bengali and English. Looking after your heart which contain the information about prevention and management of coronary heart disease and Medicine for Heart about the drug information. Health advocates project taken by the British Heart Foundation to deals with prevention and management of coronary heart disease in minority groups. This project deals with the training of advocacy worker to act as a interpreter in the minor ethnic groups to translate the situation in their own native language ( /////). British Heart Foundation also run health promotion in the Melas( South Asian fair) where they run a project called QUIT which gives the service of carbon monoxide check, Blood pressure checkand diabetes check ( DOH,2004). Department of health take various policies to prevent the coronary heart disease among the South Asian like Smoking cession service which continue to give advice to qiot smoking(///). To help the South Asian community to give free advice to give up smoking, the NHS has NHS Asian Tobacco Helpline in various language. To increase the physical activity Department of Health launched GP exercise referral schme where GPs are increasing people to take physical activities, Local exercise pilot programme launched at 2003. This project takes different approaches to increase the ethnic communities to take physical activities. Department of Health also take Walking Way to Health project where DOH gives pedometer in various GP centre as a motivational tool to encourage the people to walking. To improve the dietary habit Department of Health took various initiatives such as 5 A DAY initiative where they run cookery classes to increasing the people to take fruit and vegetable. 5 A DAY logo to to give people clear and continious message to eat more fruit and vegetables. Besides that DOH also run a project called school fruit and vegetable scheme where every children( 6-8) will have a piece of fruit or vegetable ( DOH2004). Newham Primary Care Trust also takes some initiatives to prevent coronary heart disease in the South Asian community. Newham Stop smoking Service: This project delivers a evidence based intervention and effective service among the people who want to give up smoke. The hospital smoking service is situated in the Newham university hospital trust in 2005 who give advice to give up smoking among the patient who stay in the hospital. Beside that, as the Newham house hold panel shows that 42% Bangladeshi men 33% and 22% of Pakistani men are smoker the NHS is selecting a advisor in the mosque who will discuss the adverse effect of the smoking and run a anti smoking Champaign in the Ramjan Since 2004( Newham 2007). Physical activities in Newham: Newham Primary Care Trust takes various initiatives to increase the physical activities among its population. Newham Step-o-metre programme to encouraging the patient to take more physical exercise by allowing them to use a free pedometer in short loan period. The Newham gold card system allows its population aged between 5-17 to free entry to Newham leisure club for swimming and other sports. Besides that the trust takes extended school programme and school sport programme( Newham 2007) Newham Fit Club: It is a joint venture by the between the council and PCT launched in 2005.The club gives advice to improve health among the boroughs population. It has two component, open programme for all the resident to increase awareness to improve health and Targeted programme includes a range of physical activities among the Newham employee and senior swims. Food and Nutrition of Newham: There is number of initiatives are taken by the PCT to improve the nutritional status of the population. Food in School is the one project which established in April 2006. It took various steps such as training for the school cook by trained chef, encouraging the people to choose healthier food, a healthy eating theatre production , healthy laucnch packet session for parents etc. There is a pilot programme called Family Life Style programme takes place in autumn of 2005 to increase physical activities, improve the diatary habits and prevent obesity among the children age7-11 ( Newham 2007). After carefully examine the policies I found some service gaps. British Heart Foundation published some videos to improve the awareness among the South Asian community but they dont mention the how it helps the target population, either it was free or people have to buy it. The booklet published in different language is good but it must be insure that it will available to the communities. Department of Health took action against the smoking is good but need more importance. The Asian help line which gives good advice to give up smoking among the South Asian did not say that caller have to pay or not. To increasing the physical activities DOH takes various initiatives but it is too general, as in the South Asian communities, women are also vulnerable to coronary heart disease, but there are no specific policies for women. In the policies to improve the diet Department of Health is focused on the particular age groups rather than the whole population. Newham Primary Care Trust takes va rious initiatives to stop smoking is good, but as the South Asian population is marked smoker need more focus on this communities.To increase the physical activities Newham PCT took various steps but it is more specific about the age and there is no particular steps for women as the South Asian women are conservative in nature and not like to take physical activities in front of male. The steps taken to improve the food habits by the Newham PCT is only based on specific aged groups. As the pattern of food habit is different in South Asian communities so they need more importance in this sector. To improve the situation I have some recommendation in my mind, British Heart Foundation can play theier videos in the South Asian melas where large number of South Asian people can join. Department of Health can make the Smoking quary lines are free of charged. About the policies in physical activities national and local policies are too specific about the aged groups and more generalised. Government and Newham Local Authority can arrange some physical compition like race, marathon etc among the South Asian community so that they can incourage to have more physical activities. To improve the the food habit among the South Asian population I think the best way to trained the South Asian women, because in the South Asian communities usually women are cooking food for all the members. Besides that Government and Local Authority have to give more priorities in education, general health and to provide sufficient house among the South Asian and most importantly create more job vacancies b ecause unemployment is one of the main cause of stress in South Asian community. To conclude, I have to say that South Asian people are distributed largely in the United Kingdom. They are different in religious belief, language and cultural pattern from the indigenous population in the United kingdom. So the risk factors for coronary heart disease is different in South Asian population than the indigenous population. Government should be examine the demography and epidemiological factors, socio-economic factors and various cultural factors that put South Asian population in the Risk of coronary heart disease before making the policies. Reference: Sara Stanner(2005): Cardiovascular Disease: Diet, Nutrition and Emerging Risk Factors, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Petersen, S and Rayner, M (2002): Coronary heart disease statistics, London, British Heart Foundation. McKeigue, P and Sevak, L ( 1994): Coronary Heart Disease in South Asian Communities, London, Health Education Authority. 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